Does Smoking Increase Testosterone? What Science Really Says

• April 22, 2025
• Dr Luke Wee

Last updated on May 15, 2025

Smoking is a widespread habit with well-documented health risks, from cardiovascular disease to reduced lung function. Yet despite its known harms, some conversations have emerged around the question: Does smoking increase testosterone?

In this blog, we explore the link between smoking and testosterone levels in men, drawing on current research to unpack whether there’s any scientific basis behind the claim. We also examine the broader health implications of smoking, especially in the context of male hormonal health and fertility.

Understanding Testosterone and Its Role in Men

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, playing a crucial role in developing male reproductive tissues, promoting secondary sexual characteristics and maintaining muscle mass, bone density and libido. Produced mainly in the testes, testosterone levels naturally fluctuate due to various factors, including age, health status and lifestyle choices.​

Smoking and Hormones: What Happens in the Body?

Smoking introduces nicotine and other harmful substances into the body, affecting multiple systems, including the endocrine system, which is responsible for hormone regulation. Nicotine stimulates the release of certain hormones and can alter hormonal balance. Some studies suggest that smoking may influence the metabolism and levels of hormones such as testosterone.

Does smoking increase testosterone levels in the short term? Some studies suggest it might, but the full picture is more complex.

Does Smoking Increase Testosterone? Examining the Evidence

Research into the relationship between smoking and testosterone levels in men has produced mixed results, with some studies suggesting a potential increase and others reporting the opposite.

Higher Testosterone Levels in Smokers

Several studies have observed that men who smoke may exhibit slightly higher levels of total and free testosterone compared to non-smokers. For example, a study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that smokers had about 15% higher total testosterone and 13% higher free testosterone levels than their non-smoking counterparts.

The proposed explanation is that nicotine may stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, temporarily increasing testosterone production. However, this effect appears to be modest and inconsistent across different populations.

Contrasting Findings: Lower or Unchanged Testosterone Levels

Other studies have not found this association. In fact, some research suggests that smoking may be linked to lower testosterone levels. A 2019 review in Frontiers in Physiology concluded that chronic smoking is associated with endocrine disruption and may adversely affect hormone production, including testosterone.

These inconsistencies may be due to a range of factors:

• Variations in study design and methodology
• Differences in how testosterone is measured (total vs free testosterone)
• Confounding variables such as age, BMI and alcohol consumption
• The dose and duration of smoking exposure

So, Does Smoking Truly Boost Testosterone?

While a few studies indicate a small uptick in testosterone levels among smokers, the evidence does not suggest a meaningful or healthy benefit. Importantly, any potential hormonal increase is overshadowed by the significant risks that smoking poses to reproductive and overall health.

While some research says yes, the question “Does smoking increase testosterone?” remains controversial among health professionals.

The Risks of Smoking Despite Potential Testosterone Effects

Even if smoking were associated with increased testosterone levels, the overall health risks far outweigh any potential hormonal benefits:​

• Fertility Issues: Smoking has been linked to reduced semen quality, including lower sperm count and motility, which can impair fertility.
• Erectile Dysfunction: Smoking contributes to vascular damage, leading to erectile dysfunction by impairing blood flow to the penis.​
• Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke and chronic respiratory conditions.​
• Cancer Risk: Tobacco use is strongly associated with various cancers, including lung, throat and mouth cancers.​

Healthier Strategies to Support Testosterone Levels

To maintain or boost testosterone levels, consider the following lifestyle modifications:​

• Balanced Diet: Consume a diet rich in lean proteins, healthy fats and a variety of fruits and vegetables to support overall health and hormone production.​
• Regular Exercise: Engage in both aerobic and resistance training exercises to help boost testosterone levels and improve overall well-being.​
• Adequate Sleep: Aim for 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep per night, as sleep is essential for hormonal balance.​
• Stress Management: Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep-breathing exercises to help maintain hormonal equilibrium.​
• Avoid Harmful Substances: Refrain from smoking and limit alcohol consumption to reduce their negative impact on hormone levels and overall health.​

Conclusion

While some research suggests a potential link between smoking and increased testosterone levels, the evidence is inconsistent, and no clear cause-and-effect relationship has been established. Moreover, the significant health risks associated with smoking far outweigh any possible hormonal effects.

Prioritising a healthy lifestyle is a more effective approach to maintaining hormone balance, supporting fertility, and safeguarding long-term health. From improving testosterone levels naturally to considering reproductive choices such as vasectomy, men benefit most from informed, evidence-based decisions guided by experienced healthcare professionals.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can smoking lead to higher testosterone levels?

Some studies have found higher testosterone levels in smokers, but the evidence is mixed, and smoking poses significant health risks that outweigh any potential hormonal effects.​

Does smoking affect male fertility?

Yes, smoking is associated with reduced semen quality, including lower sperm count and motility, which can impair fertility.​

Are there safer ways to boost testosterone levels?

Yes, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise, ensuring adequate sleep, managing stress and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and excessive alcohol can naturally support healthy testosterone levels.​

Does quitting smoking improve testosterone levels?

Quitting smoking benefits overall health and may positively influence hormone balance, though individual results can vary.​

How does smoking impact erectile function?

Smoking can damage blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the penis and increasing the risk of erectile dysfunction.