Understanding Male Infertility: Signs, Symptoms and Causes

• August 8, 2024
• Dr Luke Wee

Last updated on July 15, 2024

Male infertility is a complex issue affecting many couples worldwide, including here in New Zealand. Understanding the signs, symptoms and causes of male infertility is crucial for those facing fertility problems. While vasectomy is a form of permanent birth control, male infertility occurs naturally and is distinct from the effects of a vasectomy.

What is Male Infertility?

Male infertility refers to a man’s inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. It is a common problem, accounting for about 40-50% of all infertility cases. In New Zealand, like in many parts of the world, male infertility is a significant health issue. It’s important to distinguish male infertility from the intended infertility caused by a vasectomy, a surgical procedure that blocks sperm from reaching the semen.

Signs and Symptoms of Male Infertility

Recognising the signs and symptoms of male infertility is the first step towards seeking help. Common indicators include:

• Difficulty in Conceiving: Prolonged attempts to conceive without success can signal male infertility.
• Sexual Function Issues: Problems such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation can impact male fertility.
• Physical Symptoms: Pain, swelling, or lumps in the testicular area might indicate underlying issues.
• Recurrent Infections: Frequent respiratory infections could be related to fertility problems.
• Hormonal Issues: Decreased facial or body hair and abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia) can be signs of hormonal imbalances.
• Sperm Count Concerns: A low sperm count, less than 15 million sperm per millilitre, is a primary indicator of male infertility.

Causes of Male Infertility

Medical Causes

• Varicocele: Swelling of the veins that drain the testicle.
• Infections: Infections that interfere with sperm production or health.
• Ejaculation Issues: Problems such as retrograde ejaculation.
• Antibodies: Antibodies attacking sperm can affect male fertility.
• Tumours: Non-cancerous and cancerous tumours.
• Undescended Testicles: A condition where the testicles fail to descend.
• Hormonal Imbalances: Issues with the pituitary gland affecting hormone levels.
• Sperm Duct Defects: Blockages in the vas deferens, the tube that carries sperm.
• Chromosomal Defects: Genetic abnormalities affecting sperm production.

Environmental Causes

• Chemicals and Toxins: Exposure to industrial chemicals and heavy metals.
• Radiation: Radiation or X-rays can reduce sperm production.
• Heat: Frequent exposure to heat, such as from saunas or hot tubs.

Lifestyle Factors

• Drug Use: Anabolic steroids and other drugs can significantly affect male fertility.
• Alcohol and Smoking: Both can reduce sperm production and quality.
• Stress: Emotional stress can interfere with hormone production.
• Obesity: Excess weight can affect sperm production and hormone levels.

Diagnosis of Male Infertility

Male infertility is diagnosed through various tests and evaluations, including:

• Semen Analysis: Semen analysis tests assess sperm concentration, motility and morphology.
• Hormone Testing: Blood tests measure hormone levels, including those from the pituitary gland.
• Genetic Tests: Identifying genetic issues affecting fertility.
• Testicular Biopsy: Examining testicular tissue for sperm production issues.

Treatment for Male Infertility

• Surgery: Correcting varicocele or repairing blockages in the vas deferens.
• Medication: Hormone treatments and medications to address hormonal imbalances.
• Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Techniques like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) help overcome male factor infertility.

Vasectomy and Male Infertility

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, preventing sperm from mixing with semen. Unlike natural male infertility, a vasectomy is a choice made for permanent birth control. It’s essential to understand that while vasectomy is reversible in some cases, it’s not guaranteed. Discussing fertility goals with a healthcare provider before opting for a vasectomy is crucial.

When to See a Doctor

If you’ve been trying to conceive through unprotected sexual intercourse for over a year without success, it’s time to seek medical advice. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the chances of overcoming fertility problems.

Conclusion

Understanding male infertility is vital for anyone facing fertility challenges. While male infertility and vasectomy are different, both require careful consideration and professional guidance. If you’re experiencing symptoms of male infertility or are considering a vasectomy, The Cooper Clinic is here to help. Contact us for a consultation and take the first step towards understanding your reproductive health.

How to book a vasectomy appointment

• Fill out our online booking form
• Call us: 0800 884 408
• Email us: info@thecooperclinic.co.nz

Frequently Asked Questions

What constitutes healthy sperm?

Healthy sperm are crucial for conception and are characterised by proper motility, normal sperm morphology and adequate concentration. These factors ensure the sperm can reach and fertilise the egg.

What are the key male infertility tests?

Male infertility tests typically include semen analysis to evaluate sperm count, motility and morphology. Blood tests to check hormone levels and a medical history review are also essential.

What is considered a normal sperm count?

A normal sperm count is typically between 15 million to 200 million sperm per millilitre of semen. Counts below this range may indicate male infertility.

What causes abnormal sperm production or function?

Abnormal sperm production or function can result from various factors, including genetic issues, hormonal imbalances and lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity.

How is male infertility diagnosed?

Male infertility is diagnosed through a combination of semen analysis, hormonal testing and a thorough medical examination to assess the overall health of the male reproductive system.

How is male infertility treated?

Male infertility treated based on its underlying causes can include medication, hormone treatments, lifestyle changes and assisted reproductive technologies such as IVF or ICSI.